The primary mechanism of photo skin aging is mediated by UV induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS damages biomacromolecules and function as intracellular signal to activate transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kB . AP-1 And NF-kB are known to regulate a … Continue reading
The primary mechanism of UV-induced skin aging is mediated by the generation and accumulation of free radicals including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). ROS or free radicals not only can damage proteins, DNA, cellular membrane and … Continue reading
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that produce energy (ATP) by consuming oxygen. In the chronological aging process, mitochondria not only produce less ATP, but they also increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as by-products of aerobic metabolism, particularly during … Continue reading
The activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor belonging to the c-Fos, c-Jun, ATF and JDP families. It regulates and activates genes in response to a variety of stimuli including stress, pathogen infections, cytokines, growth factors. AP-1 thereby … Continue reading
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) is a group of endogenous enzymes that inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which is a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. . There are four different TIMP identified – … Continue reading
Matrix MetalloProteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases – a subfamily of proteolytic enzymes or proteases – that are capable of degrading proteins into recyclable fragments. MMPs in the skin regulate the balance of synthesis and breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins such as … Continue reading