The dermal epidermal junction (DEJ) in the skin is the layer responsible for supporting the epidermis and epidermal-dermal adhesion and for the communication between epidermal and dermal cells. Traditionally, the study of the mechanisms of skin aging has overlooked this … Continue reading
Hyaluronan (also called hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate or HA) is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. Hyaluronan is a polymer of disaccharides which is composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine. In the dermal connective … Continue reading
The ground substance occupies the space between the cells and fibers of dermal connective tissues. It is an amorphous viscoelastic gel in which the other components (cells and fibers) are held in place . Ground substance consists largely of proteoglycans … Continue reading
Fibronectin is a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds to extracellular matrix components such as collagen, fibrin, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (e.g. syndecans) and membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins. Fibronectin exists as a protein dimer, consisting of two nearly identical … Continue reading
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) is a group of endogenous enzymes that inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which is a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. . There are four different TIMP identified – … Continue reading
Decorin is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family with a protein core containing leucine repeats with a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain of either chondroitin sulfate (CS) or dermatan sulfate (DS). Decorin, together with versican (bind … Continue reading
The clinical signs of aging facial is commonly described and treated based on three general anatomical locations. The upper face has many interrelated components, including the hair, forehead, glabellar area (the space between the eyebrows), the temple, eyebrows and eyes. … Continue reading
Sirtuin (SIRT1 -SIRT7) are a group of enzymes with varying intracellular location that either function as histone deacetylase or as mono-ribosyltransferase. Sirtuins are classified according to intracellular location and enzymatic activities and function. SIRT1, 2, 3. 6 are deacetylase and … Continue reading
The dermis of skin is a connective tissue that contains an extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) whose biophysical properties are determined primarily by this matrix. Although collagen and elastin are the major extracellular matrix molecules of the dermis that provide skin … Continue reading
The mechanical properties of the skin are of importance for various cosmetic and clinical applications. The mechanical properties of the skin are age-, gender-, and race- and region dependent and are influenced by the use of different skin care products … Continue reading